What are the eight systems for environmental management?

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Since the first National Environmental Protection Conference, China has been actively exploring environmental management approaches and has developed eight systems for environmental management with Chinese characteristics (a collective term for the old three systems and the new five systems). ·The environmental protection target responsibility system is an administrative management system that ensures local people’s governments at all levels and polluting entities assume responsibility for environmental quality, through the signing of responsibility agreements. This system clarifies the main responsible parties and their scope of responsibilities for environmental protection at the regional, departmental, and even unit levels; it streamlines the relationships between various levels of government and departments in matters related to environmental protection, thereby ensuring that efforts to improve environmental quality are implemented at all levels. It represents a significant reform within China’s environmental protection framework. ·Centralized pollution control refers to the centralized treatment facilities and management measures established within a specific area to protect the environment; it is an important means of strengthening environmental management. Centralized control of pollution should aim to improve the regional environmental quality. Based on pollution prevention plans, it is necessary to lay a solid foundation; taking into account the nature and types of pollutants as well as their geographical location, centralized treatment should be employed to achieve the best results at the lowest cost. ·The time-bound remediation system refers to a mandatory administrative measure system that sets limits on the timing, scope, and effectiveness of remediation actions for pollution areas where the damage is severe and where there are strong complaints from the public. ·The pollution discharge fee system refers to a system in which all entities and individual producers and operators that discharge pollutants into the environment are required to pay a certain fee in accordance with **established regulations and standards. Since the implementation of the pollution discharge fee system in our country starting in 1982, collection of such fees has been carried out widely across the country (except for Taiwan Province). At present, the pollutants subject to taxation in our country fall into five categories: wastewater, exhaust gases, solid waste, noise, and radioactive waste, totaling 113 items. ·The environmental impact assessment system is an important legal mechanism for implementing the precautionary principle, preventing new pollution, and protecting the ecological environment. Environmental impact assessment, also known as environmental quality prediction assessment, refers to the preliminary investigation, prediction, and evaluation of major engineering projects, plans, or other development activities that may have an impact on the environment, in order to determine the best strategies for preventing and minimizing environmental damage. ·“The “three simultaneities” system: The “three simultaneities” refer to the requirement that pollution control facilities for new construction projects, renovation projects, expansion projects, technical transformation projects, as well as regional development and construction projects must be designed, constructed, and put into operation simultaneously with the main project itself. ·The pollution discharge declaration and registration system, along with the pollution discharge permit system, refers to a special administrative management system under which any entity that discharges pollutants into the environment is required to, in accordance with prescribed procedures, declare and register its pollution discharge facilities, pollutant treatment facilities, as well as the types, quantities, and concentrations of pollutants discharged under normal operating conditions, to the environmental protection authorities. Pollution discharge declaration and registration are the foundation of the pollution discharge permit system. ·The pollution discharge permit system is a new environmental management mechanism aimed at improving environmental quality. It is based on total pollution control, and it specifies the types, quantities, concentrations, and methods of pollutants that emission entities are permitted to release. China currently implements a permit system for the discharge of water pollutants.

Environmental Protection Target Responsibility System: The Environmental Protection Target Responsibility System is an administrative management system that ensures local people’s governments at all levels and polluting entities assume responsibility for environmental quality, through the signing of responsibility agreements. This system clarifies the main responsible parties and their scope of responsibilities for environmental protection at the regional, departmental, and even unit levels; it streamlines the relationships between various levels of government and departments in terms of environmental protection, thereby ensuring that tasks aimed at improving environmental quality are implemented at every level. This is a major reform of our country’s environmental protection system.    Quantitative assessment of comprehensive urban environment improvement: The quantitative assessment of the comprehensive urban environment is an important system developed in China based on the summary of practical experience gained over the years in carrying out such improvements. It is an environmental supervision and management system that uses quantitative evaluations to manage and adjust the activities undertaken in the context of urban environment improvement.    Centralized pollution control: Centralized pollution control refers to the centralized treatment facilities and management measures established within a specific area to protect the environment; it is an important means of strengthening environmental management. Centralized control of pollution should aim to improve the regional environmental quality. Based on pollution prevention plans, it is necessary to lay a solid foundation; taking into account the nature and types of pollutants as well as their geographical location, centralized treatment should be employed to achieve the best results at the lowest cost.  Time-bound remediation system: A time-bound remediation system refers to mandatory administrative measures taken in areas where pollution poses serious hazards and where there are strong complaints from the public, to set limits on the time frame for remediation, the specific actions to be taken, and the expected outcomes of such remediation. Pollution discharge fee system: The pollution discharge fee system refers to a system in which all entities and individual producers and operators that emit pollutants into the environment are required to pay a certain fee in accordance with **established regulations and standards. Since the implementation of the pollution discharge fee system in our country starting in 1982, collection of such fees has been carried out widely across the country (except for Taiwan Province). At present, the pollutants subject to taxation in our country fall into five categories: wastewater, exhaust gases, solid waste, noise, and radioactive waste, totaling 113 items. Environmental Impact Assessment System: The Environmental Impact Assessment System is an important legal mechanism for implementing the principle of prevention, preventing new pollution, and protecting the ecological environment. Environmental impact assessment, also known as environmental quality prediction assessment, refers to the preliminary investigation, prediction, and evaluation of major engineering projects, plans, or other development activities that may have an impact on the environment, in order to determine the best strategies for preventing and minimizing environmental damage. “The “three simultaneities” system: The “three simultaneities” system requires that pollution control facilities for new construction projects, renovation projects, expansion projects, technical transformation projects, as well as regional development and construction projects be designed, constructed, and put into operation simultaneously with the main project itself. Pollution discharge declaration and registration system and pollution discharge permit system: The pollution discharge declaration and registration system is a special administrative management system under which any entity that discharges pollutants into the environment is required to, in accordance with prescribed procedures, report to the environmental protection authorities on the pollution discharge facilities it possesses, the pollutant treatment facilities it has, as well as the types, quantities, and concentrations of pollutants discharged under normal operating conditions. Pollution discharge declaration and registration are the foundation of the pollution discharge permit system. The pollution discharge permit system is a new environmental management mechanism aimed at improving environmental quality. It is based on total pollution control, and it specifies the types, quantities, concentrations, and methods of pollutants that emission entities are permitted to release. China currently implements a permit system for the discharge of water pollutants.

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