Fundamentals of Chemical Safety

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Basic Knowledge of Chemical Safety 1. What are the guidelines and principles that should be adhered to in labor safety work? Answer ； The principle of giving top priority to safety and prevention, as well as the rule that safety must be taken into account in all production activities, should be adhered to. 2. What is labor protection? Answer ； Labor protection refers to the protection of workers’ safety and health during the labor production process. 3. What does \"safety first\" mean? Answer: The meaning of “safety first” is that work safety is the top priority for all economic sectors and production enterprises nationwide. 4. What are the three basic conditions for a substance to burn?   ⑴Combustible materials ⑵ Oxidizing agents ⑶ Ignition sources. 5. What occupational safety and health conditions must employers provide for workers according to labor law? Answer ； Employers must provide workers with working conditions that meet **regulatory requirements as well as the necessary personal protective equipment, especially for those who are engaged in work involving occupational hazards. Health check-ups should be conducted regularly. 6. What are the requirements imposed on workers and the rights granted to them under labor law during the work process? Answer ； Workers must strictly adhere to safety procedures during the work process. Workers have the right to refuse to comply with any illegal instructions or orders from employers’ management personnel that require them to engage in hazardous operations ； Acts that endanger life safety and physical health. The right to raise criticisms, make reports, and file complaints. 7. What is an accident? An accident is an unexpected event that occurs during the course of people’s purposeful activities; it goes against their wishes and may cause such activities to be temporarily or permanently halted. It can also result in personal injury or property damage. 8. What are the special requirements of labor law for workers engaged in special types of work? Answer ； Workers engaged in special operations must undergo specialized training and obtain the qualifications for such operations. 9. In what environments are oxygen respirators used? Answer: It is used in environments with low oxygen levels, unknown or high concentrations of toxic gases. 10. The fire-extinguishing effect of water? Answer: (1) Cooling effect; (2) Dilution of oxygen; (3) Dilution of water-soluble flammable and combustible liquids; (4) Hydrodynamic impact. 11. When was the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Work Safety implemented?    The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Work Safety was adopted at the 28th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 9th National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China on June 29, 2002, and came into effect on November 1, 2002. 12. How many methods are there for extinguishing fires? Generally, there are three methods: (1) Isolation method: Isolate the combustibles from the fire. ⑵Asphyxiation method: Isolate the combustible material from air. ⑶Cooling method: Lower the temperature of the burning material. 13. What types of fires are carbon dioxide fire extinguishants mainly suitable for extinguishing? Answer: It is mainly applicable to extinguishing fires involving electrical equipment, precision instruments, valuable production equipment, books and archives, as well as fires involving substances that cannot be extinguished with water. 14. What are the three approaches to handling accidents? 1) Treat minor accidents as major ones. 2)    Attempted accidents are treated as completed accidents. 3) Accidents that occur at other units are treated as if they were accidents occurring within this unit. 15. In what locations is welding considered a level-1 welding task? Answer: 1) Process unit areas where production is in progress; 2) Various types of oil tanks, gas tanks, areas containing toxic substances, and liquefied gas stations; 3) Stations for loading, unloading, and tank cleaning of flammable, combustible substances, liquefied gas, and toxic substances; 4) Pump rooms and machine rooms that handle flammable, combustible substances, liquefied gas, and toxic substances; 5) Oil pools and oil ditches related to industrial wastewater and sewer systems (including areas within 5 meters of the aforementioned locations); 6) Warehouses for storing chemical hazards; 7) Pipelines for transporting flammable and combustible gases and liquids. 16. What is safe production? Answer: Safe production refers to the effort to improve working conditions during the labor production process, to eliminate unsafe factors, and to prevent accidents that could cause injuries or deaths, so that labor production can proceed smoothly while ensuring the safety and health of workers, as well as the safety of property and people’s lives and assets. 17. How to use a portable dry powder fire extinguisher, Answer ； When using a portable dry powder fire extinguisher, carry it to the location of the fire, stand upwind or at an angle from the wind direction. Flip the extinguisher upside down several times, remove the safety pin or seal, hold the nozzle firmly with one hand, aim it at the base of the fire, and press the handle with the other hand – the dry powder will then be released. When extinguishing a fire, quickly move the nozzle back and forth to spread the powder mist across the entire fire area, advancing from near to far to put out the fire, while making sure no remaining embers are left behind. In case of a petroleum fire, do not strike the liquid surface when extinguishing it, to prevent splashing of the liquid which could make firefighting more difficult. 18. What is illegal command? Answer: It refers to acts where enterprise leaders and production supervisors abuse their powers by giving illegal orders or forcing workers to violate rules and regulations and engage in risky operations. This is known as illegal command. 19. What is illegal operation? Answer: When employees, during the course of work, violate labor safety and health laws, standards, rules and regulations, as well as operating procedures, by acting recklessly or engaging in risky operations, such behavior is referred to as illegal working. An important means of accidents. 20. What combinations should be adhered to in safety inspections? Answer: Safety inspections should combine leadership with community involvement, general inspections with specialized inspections, as well as inspection activities with corrective actions, in order to ensure they are carried out in a systematic and regular manner. 21. What are the four methods used for safety inspections? Answer: Safety inspections are carried out in four ways: daily, regular, professional, and ad-hoc. 22. What are the contents of the “three no-fires” rules? Answer: No work will be carried out without an approved fire permit. No welding will take place unless fire prevention measures are implemented. No fire watchman is present, or if present, no firing shall be carried out. 23. What are “three violations” accidents? Answer: Giving illegal instructions, carrying out illegal operations, and violating labor discipline. 24. What is the principle of “not letting go of any accident without investigation”? Answer: We won’t let it go until the cause of the accident is clearly identified ； Those responsible for the accident, as well as those who lack education, will not be spared ； No risk is overlooked without preventive measures. 25. What are the three essential elements for combustion?     Answer: 1) Combustibles ； 2) Oxidizers ； 3) Ignition source 26. What is combustion? Answer: Combustion is a chemical reaction in which a combustible substance reacts with an oxidizer, releasing light and heat simultaneously. 77. What is a blast? Answer: Detonation is a phenomenon in which a substance rapidly transitions from one state to another, releasing a huge amount of energy in the form of mechanical energy instantaneously. Explosions can be divided into two categories: physical explosions and chemical explosions. 27. What are the characteristics of petrochemical production? Answer: The characteristics of petrochemical production ； ⑴From a technological perspective, petrochemical production is characterized by high temperatures, high pressures, and deep freezing. ⑵In terms of raw materials, those used in petrochemical production, including finished products and semi-finished products, are mostly flammable and explosive. ⑶In terms of production methods, petrochemical production is characterized by a high degree of automation, closed systems, and continuity. 28. What is the policy for fire protection work in our country? Answer: Prevention first, combining prevention with firefighting. 29. What are the categories of safety signs? Answer: They are divided into four categories: prohibition signs, warning signs, instruction signs, and guidance signs. 30. What is the main cause of death in most fires? Answer: Death due to asphyxiation from lack of oxygen or poisoning. 31. What is the principle of three no-harms? Answer: I don’t harm myself, I don’t harm others, and I’m not harmed by others. 32. What is the “three simultaneities”? Answer: For the labor safety and health facilities in new construction, renovation, expansion, and technical upgrading projects, they should be designed, constructed, and put into use simultaneously with the main project. 33. What are the symptoms of hydrogen sulfide poisoning? Answer: 1. Mild poisoning: Symptoms include photophobia and tearing, eye irritation, runny nose, and a burning sensation in the nose and throat; it resolves on its own within a few hours or days. 2. Moderate poisoning: Symptoms of the central nervous system such as headache, dizziness, fatigue, vomiting, and ataxia appear. 3. Severe poisoning: It is characterized by restlessness, confusion, difficulty breathing, and rapid onset of coma; death can occur due to respiratory paralysis. With timely treatment, recovery is possible within 1–5 days. Upon re-exposure to extremely high concentrations (1000 mg/m3), a “lightning-like” death can occur, whereby the person suddenly collapses within seconds, breathing ceases instantly; prompt artificial respiration may still lead to survival. 34. How to use a dry chemical fire extinguisher? Answer: Dry powder fire extinguishers are also a type of common fire-fighting equipment, suitable for use in factories, warehouses, garages, oil depots, etc. They are primarily used to extinguish incipient fires involving petroleum and its products, flammable gases, and electrical equipment. When in use, carry the fire extinguisher to the location of the fire. Hold the nozzle with one hand, and with the other hand lift the pull ring while gripping the handle. Aim the nozzle at the base of the flame. When the pull ring is pulled, the dry powder is ejected from the nozzle under the pressure of carbon dioxide gas, forming a dense cloud of powder mist that covers the burning area and extinguishes the fire. Dry chemical fire extinguishers should be placed near the objects to be protected, in a dry and well-ventilated area, and protected from moisture and sunlight. Check every six months whether the dry powder has become damp and clumped. 35. Work at height: Any work carried out at a height of 2 meters or more (including 2 meters) above the reference level for falling heights, where there is a risk of falling, is considered work at height. 36. What are the symptoms of hydrogen sulfide poisoning? Answer: 1. Mild poisoning: Symptoms include photophobia and tearing, eye irritation, runny nose, and a burning sensation in the nose and throat; it resolves on its own within a few hours or days. 2. Moderate poisoning: Symptoms of the central nervous system such as headache, dizziness, fatigue, vomiting, and ataxia appear. 3. Severe poisoning: It is characterized by restlessness, confusion, difficulty breathing, and rapid onset of coma; death can occur due to respiratory paralysis. With timely treatment, recovery is possible within 1–5 days. Upon re-exposure to extremely high concentrations (1000 mg/m3), a “lightning-like” death can occur, whereby the person suddenly collapses within seconds, breathing ceases instantly; prompt artificial respiration may still lead to survival. 37. Ten rules for preventing poisoning and asphyxiation? Answer: 1. Personnel engaged in toxic work or work with asphyxiation risks must receive education on safety knowledge related to poison prevention and first aid. 2. The oxygen level in the working environment (equipment, containers, underground areas, trenches, etc.) must be above 20%, and the concentration of toxic substances must meet **the specified requirements before work can proceed. 3. When working in toxic environments, protective gear must be worn, and there must be someone supervising the work. 4. When working inside equipment containing oxygen-deficient or toxic gases, blind flanges shall be installed on the connected pipelines to isolate them. 5. The concentration of harmful substances in toxic and hazardous areas must be regularly monitored to ensure it complies with **standards. 6. For positions that are toxic, harmful, or pose a suffocation risk, preventive and rescue measures must be established, along with appropriate protective equipment. 7. All types of toxic substances and gas protection equipment must be under the supervision of designated personnel, with regular inspections conducted. 8. Equipment and instruments related to the handling and monitoring of toxic substances must be regularly inspected to ensure they remain in good condition. 9. In cases of poisoning or suffocation, the response and first aid must be prompt and correct. 10. Improve the management system for toxic and hazardous substances and enforce it strictly. Workplaces that fail to meet health standards over the long term should cease operations. 38. What are the key points of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest compressions?   Answer: Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation: Once the injured person is removed from the scene, quickly clear anything from their mouth, tilt their head back as much as possible so that the nostrils face upward; this way, the base of the tongue will not block the airway. At the same time, swiftly untie their collar and clothing. Do not use a pillow under your head, as it will affect ventilation. The rescuer stands to the left or right of the victim, pinches her nostrils with one hand, and uses the thumb and index finger of the other hand to open her mouth. After taking a deep breath, inhale while keeping your mouth open. When inhaling, make her chest expand; blow air every five seconds (two seconds of blowing, two seconds of relaxation). Children have small lungs, so they can only blow air in small amounts. The rescuer should relax while performing ventilation, and loosen the victim’s hands and nose. External chest compression: Unbutton the victim’s clothes and lay them down on their back on the ground or a hard surface (not on a soft surface). The rescuer kneels across the victim’s waist, placing their hands together with the backs of their palms positioned slightly above the pit of the chest. Press firmly downward at the base of the palm to force out the ‘academic burdens’ from within the heart. For adults, apply pressure over an area of three to five li, once per second; applying too much pressure too quickly yields poor results, so less force should be used with children. After the compression, the base of the palm is lifted quickly, allowing the injured person’s chest cavity to return to its normal state and blood to fill the heart again. Each time you relax, the base of the palm does not need to be completely away from the chest.   39. “Fourteen Prohibitions” in the production area: 1) Strengthen control over open flames; smoking is prohibited in the production area. 2) Minors are not allowed to enter the manufacturing plant area. 3) During working hours, sleeping, engaging in personal tasks, leaving one’s post, or doing anything unrelated to work is prohibited. 4) Drinking is prohibited before and during shifts. 5) It is prohibited to use flammable liquids such as gasoline to clean equipment, tools, and clothing. 6) Those who do not wear protective equipment as required are not allowed to enter the production area. 7) Equipment without complete safety devices shall not be used. 8) Equipment and tools that are not under one’s own responsibility shall not be used. 9) Maintenance work shall not begin if safety measures are not implemented. 10) Equipment that has been shut down for maintenance must not be put back into use without a thorough inspection. 11) It is prohibited to carry out work at heights without a high-altitude work permit, without wearing a safety belt, or when the scaffolding or stepping boards are not secure. 12) Work is not permitted if the pedal is not properly secured on the asbestos tile. 13) Mobile power tools without installed electric shock protectors must not be used. 14) Employees who do not hold a safety operation permit are not allowed to work independently ； Workers in special occupations must obtain the necessary certification before working. 40. Six strict requirements for operators: 1) Strictly implement the shift handover system ； 2) Conduct thorough routine inspections ； 3) Strictly control process parameters ； 4) Strictly follow the operating procedures ； 5) Strictly abide by labor discipline ； 6) Strictly enforce safety regulations. 41. Six prohibitions for hot work: 1) Hot work is prohibited without an approved hot work permit ； 2) It cannot be reliably isolated from the production system; hot work is prohibited ； 3) If the cleaning and replacement are not satisfactory, welding is prohibited ； 4) The flammable materials in the vicinity are unknown; welding is prohibited ； 5) Fire analysis must be conducted on time; working with fire is prohibited without it ； 6) Without safety precautions in place, welding is prohibited. 42. Eight necessities for entering containers and equipment for work: 1) It is necessary to apply for approval and obtain it ； 2) Safe and reliable isolation must be implemented ； 3) The power supply must be cut off and safety lighting must be used ； 4) Ventilation and replacement are necessary ； 5) Safety analysis must be conducted within the specified time frame ； 6) Required protective equipment must be worn ； 7) Someone must monitor from outside the device and stay at their post ； 8) There must be emergency backup measures. 43. Seven prohibitions for motor vehicles: 1) Driving without a license or authorization is strictly prohibited ； 2) Driving under the influence is strictly prohibited ； 3) Speeding or driving with the car in neutral is strictly prohibited ； 4) Driving with illness is strictly prohibited ； 5) Mixed loading of people and goods is strictly prohibited ； 6) Speeding and overloading are strictly prohibited ； 7) Vehicles without flame arrestors are strictly prohibited from entering fire-prohibited areas. 44. What is the procedure for reporting a fire? 1) Dial the fire emergency number; once connected, state the location of the fire ； 2) Explain the burning material and the situation of the fire ； 3) Explain the structure of the building on fire and the location of the fire ； 4) State the name and work unit of the person who reported the incident ； 5) Send someone to the intersection to greet the firefighters and vehicles and guide them to the fire site. 45. Ten prohibitions for personal safety: 1) Those who fail safety training and job-related technical assessments are strictly prohibited from operating independently at their posts ； 2) Those who do not wear the required attire or consume alcohol before starting work are strictly prohibited from entering production areas or construction sites ； 3) Those who do not wear safety helmets are strictly prohibited from entering areas where maintenance work is being carried out or sites with concurrent operations ； 4) Working at heights is strictly prohibited for those who have not obtained a safety work permit or who are not wearing safety belts ； 5) It is strictly prohibited to enter toxic, hazardous, or oxygen-deficient areas such as towers, containers, tanks, oil holds, reactors, septic tanks, and cable trenches for work without obtaining a safety operation permit ； 6) It is strictly prohibited to disassemble equipment such as pipes and pumps that are connected to the system and are not in use, without first obtaining a maintenance work order ； 7) Electrical work must not be carried out without the required “three permits”; electrical construction is strictly prohibited in the absence of such permits ； 8) It is strictly prohibited to start earthwork without obtaining a construction earthwork permit ； 9) If the safety accessories and protective devices of mechanical equipment or pressure vessels are incomplete or not functional, it is strictly prohibited to start using them ； 10) The rotating parts of mechanical equipment must not be scrubbed or disassembled while in operation. 46. What are the workers’ safety responsibilities? 1) Study earnestly and strictly abide by all rules and regulations; do not violate labor discipline or work in an improper manner, and take direct responsibility for safety and fire prevention in one’s own position ； 2) Operate with care, strictly adhere to process protocols, and keep proper records ； 3) At work, one must concentrate on ensuring safe production and carrying out operations smoothly; it is not allowed to leave one’s post or be absent from it. Sleeping at the workplace, engaging in fights, or doing any other things that violate labor discipline are strictly prohibited. One should also advise against and stop any other illegal operations ； 4) Correctly analyze, assess, and handle the early signs of various accidents, nipping them in the bud. In the event of an accident, it must be dealt with promptly, reported to superiors in a timely and accurate manner, the scene must be preserved, and detailed records must be kept ； 5) Strengthen routine inspections to identify potential accident hazards in a timely manner and eliminate them; report any hazards that cannot be handled on one’s own immediately ； 6) It is mandatory to wear the appropriate clothing when on duty, and to properly store and use various protective equipment and fire extinguishing devices ； 7) Actively participate in various safety and fire prevention activities, and submit reasonable suggestions regarding safety and fire prevention. 47. Ten prohibitions regarding fire and explosion prevention: 1) Smoking is strictly prohibited within the production facility, and it is also forbidden to bring in any kind of ignition sources or flammable, explosive, toxic, or corrosive substances into the production area ； 2) It is strictly prohibited to use fire for construction or domestic purposes within the production facility without going through the required procedures ； 3) It is strictly prohibited to enter oil and gas areas while wearing clothing that generates static electricity ； 4) It is strictly prohibited to enter oil and gas areas as well as flammable and explosive installations wearing shoes with nails ； 5) It is strictly prohibited to use gasoline or volatile solvents to clean equipment, clothing, tools, and floors ； 6) It is strictly prohibited for any unapproved motor vehicles to enter production facilities, tank areas, and flammable and explosive zones ； 7) The discharge of flammable, explosive materials and chemical hazards on-site is strictly prohibited ； 8) It is strictly prohibited to use ferrous metals or tools that can generate sparks for hammering, striking, or performing any operations within the oil and gas area ； 9) It is strictly prohibited to block fire exits, as well as to misuse or damage fire protection facilities ； 10) It is strictly prohibited to damage any type of explosion-proof facilities within the factory. 48. Duties of the fire watcher: ① Responsible for supervising the implementation of the fire safety measures required by the work permit, and signing on the work permit. If the measures are not proper or work is not carried out in accordance with the requirements of the hot work permit, the right exists to stop such hot work ； ②Has the responsibility for ensuring fire safety at the site where welding work is carried out. ③Before or during the welding work, the supervisor must not leave their post without permission, nor may the supervisor be replaced. ④If any abnormal situation occurs during hot work, measures should be taken immediately or the hot work should be stopped. ⑤In the event of a fire, immediately call the fire department and take active steps to extinguish it.