What is essential for pipes?

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Pipelines used for transporting liquids, gases, or loose solids, along with their supporting structures. Water or gas is used as a medium for transporting loose solids. Pipes must be leak-proof and able to withstand the temperature, pressure (internal pressure), corrosion, and wear of the substances they transport. Pipelines for transporting crude oil and heavy oil are required to be able to withstand temperatures of around 100°C ； Steam pipes must be able to withstand temperatures of around 150°C. The operating internal pressure of the water supply pipeline is approximately 0.5 to 1.0 MPa ； The compressed air and steam pipelines are at approximately 0.8 to 1.3 MPa. The pipeline structure must also withstand its own weight, the weight of the materials it transports, as well as various external loads such as soil loads, water loads, wind and the vibration loads generated by wind (see wind loads), loads from crowds, vehicles, and construction machinery, temperature effects, and seismic forces.