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Agricultural waste refers to the waste generated in agricultural production, agricultural product processing, livestock and poultry farming, and the daily lives of rural residents. It mainly includes crop straws, livestock and poultry manure, by-products of agricultural product processing, and residues of agricultural plastic films. Its resource utilization is of great significance for alleviating resource shortages, improving the rural environment, and promoting sustainable agricultural development. I. Classification of agricultural waste 1. Classification by source: Waste from crop cultivation: such as straw, plant residues, fallen leaves, fruit peels, etc ； Agricultural breeding waste: such as livestock and poultry manure, breeding bedding, dead livestock and poultry, etc ； Agricultural product processing waste: such as distillers’ grains, fruit pomace, bran, etc ； Rural household waste: such as kitchen waste and used agricultural plastic films. 2. Classification by composition: Organic waste: such as straw, livestock and poultry manure, by-products from agricultural product processing, etc ； Inorganic waste: such as used agricultural plastic films, pesticide packaging waste, etc. II. Ways of Resource Utilization 1. Energy utilization: Biogas fermentation: Anaerobically fermenting organic waste such as livestock manure and straw to produce biogas for use in cooking, power generation, etc ； Biomass fuel: Straw, fruit peels, and similar materials are compressed to produce biomass pellet fuel, which serves as a substitute for fossil fuels such as coal. 2. Fertilization utilization: Composting: Converting livestock and poultry manure, straw, etc. into organic fertilizer through aerobic fermentation to improve soil structure ； Liquid fertilizers: Biogas slurry, compost extract, and similar substances are used as liquid fertilizers and applied directly to farmland. 3. Utilization as feed: Silaged feed: Corn straws, forage grasses, etc., are silaged and used as feed for livestock and poultry ； Bacterial protein: Utilizing microbial fermentation techniques to convert straw, distiller’s grains, and similar materials into high-protein feed. 4. Matrix utilization for edible mushroom cultivation: Using straw, livestock and poultry manure, etc. as a matrix to cultivate edible mushrooms such as oyster mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms ； Seedling cultivation medium: Coir pith, straw, and similar materials are processed into seedling cultivation media to replace non-renewable resources such as peat. 5. Materialized utilization of biomass materials: Processing straw, fruit peels, etc. into biomass panels, biodegradable tableware, etc ； Agricultural film recycling: Recycling used agricultural film to produce recycled plastic pellets, which are then used to manufacture agricultural film, plastic pipes, and other products. III. Existing Problems 1. Technical bottlenecks: Low conversion efficiency: Technologies such as biogas fermentation and composting suffer from issues such as low utilization of raw materials and long fermentation cycles ； Secondary pollution: Some treatment technologies (such as incineration and landfilling) may generate secondary pollutants such as harmful gases and leachate. 2. Economic issues: High costs – The investment required for facilities for resource utilization is substantial, and the operating costs are high, making it difficult for farmers and enterprises to bear them ； Low profits: The market prices of products such as organic fertilizers and biomass fuels are low, resulting in modest economic benefits. 3. Imperfect policies and markets: Insufficient policy support: Some areas lack policies such as subsidies and tax incentives for the resource utilization of agricultural waste ； Imperfect market mechanisms: Products such as organic fertilizers and biomass fuels lack standards, resulting in low market acceptance. 4. Insufficient social awareness and weak environmental protection consciousness in rural areas: Some farmers do not realize the importance of recycling agricultural waste, and random disposal and burning of such waste are common practices ； Difficulties in technology dissemination: It is hard to promote new technologies and models, and farmers have a low level of acceptance for them. IV. Solutions 1. Strengthen technological innovation: Invest more in research and development of efficient technologies such as biogas fermentation, composting, and biomass fuels, in order to improve conversion efficiency and product quality ； Promoting clean technologies: Promote clean technologies such as biodegradable agricultural films and the return of straw to the fields to reduce secondary pollution. 2. Improve policy support: Financial subsidies: Provide financial support for the construction of facilities for the resource utilization of agricultural waste and the purchase of related equipment ； Tax incentives: Tax reductions are provided to enterprises that produce products such as organic fertilizers and biomass fuels ； Financial support: Financial institutions are encouraged to provide financial services such as low-interest loans and financing guarantees for projects aimed at the sustainable utilization of agricultural waste. 3. Improve market mechanisms and establish standards: Set standards for products such as organic fertilizers and biomass fuels to regulate market order ； Developing the market: Expanding the market demand for products such as organic fertilizers and biomass fuels through government procurement, demonstration and promotion ； Establish a recycling system: Improve the recycling systems for used agricultural plastic films, pesticide packaging waste, etc., to increase the recycling rate. 4. Raise public awareness and strengthen publicity and education: Use media, training, and other means to improve farmers’ understanding of the resource utilization of agricultural waste ； Promote demonstration projects: Establish a number of demonstration projects for the resource utilization of agricultural waste to serve as a model for others. 5. Promote industrial development and foster leading enterprises: Support a number of key enterprises in the sustainable utilization of agricultural waste to drive industry growth ； Extending the industrial chain: Promoting the integrated development of agricultural waste utilization with industries such as agricultural product processing and biomass energy, in order to increase added value. V. Future Prospects The resource utilization of agricultural waste is an important direction for the green development of agriculture. Through technological innovation, policy support, market development, and social participation, it is possible to reduce, render harmless, and recycle agricultural waste, thereby promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. In the future, focus should be placed on developing the following areas: 1. Intelligent technologies: Utilizing technologies such as the Internet of Things and big data to achieve intelligent management of the collection, transportation, and processing of agricultural waste ； 2. High-value utilization: Developing technologies for the high-value use of agricultural waste in fields such as bio-based materials and biomedicine ； 3. Circular agriculture model: Establish a circular agriculture model of “cultivation-livestock breeding-processing-waste utilization” to achieve material circulation and efficient energy use in agricultural ecosystems.