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Common safety factors 1. Defects in the design of equipment and facilities. Such as insufficient strength and stiffness, poor stability, as well as corrosion and cracking of support components ； Poor sealing between equipment and facilities, as well as within them themselves; for example, leaks of steam, hot water, chemical substances, etc., from pipes and valves ； No testing platform available; no scaffolding or protective facilities installed ； Defects in scaffolding construction include improper support, insufficient protective distance, inappropriate protective materials, and other issues related to protective facilities. The types of accidents primarily caused by risk factors of this kind include falls, burns, poisoning, suffocation, etc. 2. Dangers such as electricity and electromagnetic radiation. Such as leakage from live equipment, static electricity, electric sparks, lightning, and the use of unsafe voltages, such as those in lighting inspection equipment ； On-site radiation from α and γ rays, radiation from lost or scattered radioactive sources, etc. The main types of accidents caused by these risk factors include electric shock, explosions, and physical injuries. 3. Hazards posed by high- and low-temperature substances, dust, flammable and explosive substances, toxic substances, corrosive substances, etc. Such as high-temperature steam, hot water-related equipment and pipelines, high-temperature furnaces, high-temperature slag, etc ； Coal powder, coal ash, cinder, soot, dust, scale, etc ； The flue gas duct at the rear of the boiler or the fuel and gas in the furnace, etc. The main types of accidents caused by these risk factors include burns, scalds, frostbite, damage to vision and respiratory systems, skin injuries, explosions, and deflagrations. 4. Environmental factor risks. If the internal space is cramped and the working environment is poor ； Poor ventilation; the ventilation method is incorrect. The main types of accidents caused by these risk factors include physical injuries and asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen. 5. Hazards caused by human factors. If the inspector lacks sufficient physical strength, hearing, or vision ； Health issues such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and altitude sickness ； Psychological abnormalities such as risk-taking tendencies and emotional disturbances ； Wrong command, illegal instruction ； Misoperations such as flaw detection procedures and hydrostatic testing. The main types of accidents caused by these risk factors include personal injury, falls, explosions, etc. Quality supervision 1. Control material quality. The control of raw materials (including welding materials) is an important aspect of quality control. The manufacturing unit should define the scope of material and procurement control. The control of materials generally should include: selection, substitution, procurement, acceptance, re-inspection, storage in inventory, keeping, distribution, labeling, and transplantation. 2. Control process quality. The manufacturing of pressure vessels is a series of production processes that are carried out in accordance with specific manufacturing procedures. Before commencing production, it is necessary to develop processing procedures for each production step and component in accordance with the requirements of the design drawings, and make corresponding adjustments to these procedures based on production conditions and material substitutions. During the production process, the workshop and production workers must work strictly in accordance with the technical procedures and regulations to eliminate arbitrariness. The manufacturing unit should define the scope of process quality control, and establish and implement management systems or procedural documents for process quality to ensure that the process flow is reasonable. The process documents are accurate and complete, the process implementation is under control, and the product identification is unique. The control aspects generally should include: process review of the design, process flow, development, approval, and use of general and specialized processes, design, use, and maintenance of tooling and molds, product labeling, traceability of mark and label values, records of process implementation control, surface treatment, and protection. 3. Control welding quality. Welding is a major processing method in the manufacture of pressure vessels; tasks such as joining flat plates, connecting tube sections to each other, and joining tube sections to end caps are all typically carried out through welding, and it plays a very important role in the production of pressure vessels. The quality of a product depends to a large extent on the quality of welding. The manufacturing unit shall establish and implement management systems or procedural documents for welding quality, in order to ensure that the quality of the weld joints of all pressure components (including those where pressure components are connected to non-pressure components) meets the requirements of regulations, rules, standards, and drawings. The control aspects generally should include: the control and management of welding materials, welding procedure qualification as well as the preparation, approval, and use of related procedure documents; welder qualifications and management, welder markings, product welding test pieces, welding equipment, the quality of weld joint alignment or assembly, control and recording of the welding process, and quality control and recording of weld repairs. 4. Control inspection quality. During the manufacturing process, pressure vessels inevitably develop some defects; some of these defects do not exceed the limits permitted by standards and are therefore acceptable ； Some defects exceed the standard requirements and require rework or rejection. Unqualified products must not leave the factory. To achieve this goal, manufacturing plants must implement a system that combines self-inspection, mutual inspection, and specialized inspection, appointing dedicated inspectors to conduct strict inspections of the key production processes. By establishing various stop points and control points, the quality of pressure vessel products is effectively ensured. 5. Control the quality of non-destructive testing. Non-destructive testing techniques are used in the inspection of pressure vessels, primarily to detect defects inside and on the surface of welds. In the quality control process of pressure vessel manufacturing, flaw detection assessment is an important means of quality evaluation. The control of the work quality of non-destructive testing and the reliability of its inspections mainly involves the assessment of the operational skills of the testing personnel and the control of the testing procedures. The control aspects generally should include: the development, approval, and use of general and specialized procedures; the qualification and management of inspection personnel; the control of non-destructive testing equipment, facilities, and supplies; the traceability of welds that are to be inspected using non-destructive methods; the control over the process of conducting non-destructive testing; and the quality control and storage of non-destructive testing records, reports, and radiographic films. 6. Control the quality of physical and chemical tests. The manufacturing unit shall establish and implement management systems or procedural documents for the control of physical and chemical testing, in order to ensure that the physical and chemical tests of pressure component materials and welded joints meet the requirements of regulations, rules, and standards. The control aspects generally should include: the preparation, approval, and use of testing procedures; management during testing; testing equipment and instruments; sampling, processing, and testing of specimens; the operation of tests; storage of specimens; recording, reporting, and storage of test results; and quality control for outsourced physical and chemical tests. 7. Control non-conformities. Due to various factors, it is inevitable during the manufacturing process that the produced parts or other items fail to meet the specified requirements, standards, or document guidelines. Such situations are referred to as non-conformities; they are also known as defective items or substandard products. The manufacturing unit shall establish and implement strict management systems, procedural documents, and process controls for non-conformity management, ensuring that all non-conformities are resolved to a satisfactory state before they can be used in further production, thereby guaranteeing that defective pressure vessels do not leave the factory. The control phase generally should include: determination of non-conformities, identification, handling, recording, etc.