Corrosion and protection of geothermal water extraction pipelines

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Corrosion and protection of geothermal extraction pipes. The mineralization degree of formation water is an inherent characteristic of such water; it represents the total amount of various mineral elements contained in it. This value is related to the environment in which the formation water was formed as well as the origin of the rock debris particles that make up the water. Common elements include Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, etc. The problems arising from surface water use are mainly due to differences in geological structures; the quality of water extracted from various areas varies greatly, which often leads to severe corrosion and scaling in water transmission systems. Severe scaling caused by water with high mineral content is an inevitable issue in oil field operations. At the same time, the temperature of geothermal water accelerates the corrosion of metals. The image below shows the corrosion condition of a pumping pipeline for low-temperature geothermal water, with the water temperature not exceeding 80 degrees Celsius. What anti-corrosion measures can be used under such operating conditions to prevent metal corrosion and scaling?