General principles and methodological principles for PID tuning

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The control scheme is very important, and the loop tuning must be done properly. Proportional-integral action is significant; in special cases, differentiation is added as well. It must both track and resist interference, with control strength that cannot be weak. To achieve overshoot without oscillation, the control action must not be too strong. Once the integral term of the self-tuning object is determined, the proportional term is easy to handle. The integral term of a non-equilibrium system is weak, so the proportional action cannot be excessive. Open-loop testing to determine the model, and formulas for control parameters to be found. Good methods face many interferences; a closed-loop step is essential. Unstable manual operation is due to external disturbances; automatic oscillation stems from internal issues. In-phase oscillation is reduced proportionally, while out-of-phase oscillation is attenuated via integration. PID is like having a girlfriend: when she’s angry, a proportional controller is used; when she’s a bit unhappy, an integral controller is employed; and when joking around, a differential controller is used