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What are tower flooding, tower submersion, leakage, and dry plates? Tower flooding: When the gas phase load is too high, heavy components within the tower are carried to the top of the tower, resulting in substandard product; this phenomenon is known as tower flooding. Submerged tower ； Due to an excessive liquid load, the liquid fills the entire downcomer, causing the liquid to connect the upper and lower trays together and completely destroying the distillation efficiency; this phenomenon is known as tower flooding. Leakage: When the processing volume is too low, the gas velocity inside the tower is very low; as a result, a large amount of liquid leaks out through the valve openings or tongue holes due to gravity. This phenomenon is known as leakage ； Dry plate: The tray is referred to as a dry plate when no liquid is present in it ； In the dry plate state, there is no distillation on the tray. What is flooding? How does flooding occur? Liquid flooding is also known as tower flooding. It is an abnormal phenomenon that occurs during operation with overflow trays; it significantly reduces the efficiency of the trays, causes fluctuations in column pressure, and leads to poor product separation. This is manifested as an increase in the liquid level within the downcomer and an elevation of the foam layer on the tray, resulting in the liquid flow between the trays becoming connected. The cause of flooding is an excessive liquid load, an insufficient gas load, or too small a downcomer area. To prevent flooding, during design and production it is necessary to calculate the liquid layer height required for one tray as well as the foam height on the tray, in order to verify the selected tray spacing; additionally, the residence time of the liquid in the downcomer and the capacity of the downcomer must be determined. The main causes of flooding are: the steam velocity in the tower exceeding the flooding velocity, as well as blockages in the downcomers of the tray, which prevent the liquid from flowing back to the lower trays and thus lead to flooding of the tower.