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bg10.png1 The Iceberg Theory: In 1895, psychologist Freud, in collaboration with Breuer, published \"Studies on Hysteria,\" and thus Freud’s famous Iceberg Theory was introduced to the world – eight theories that can be used as a guide for safe work practices. Freud believed that the conscious aspect of a person’s personality is merely the tip of the iceberg; in fact, the vast majority of human psychological behaviors constitute the huge triangular base beneath the iceberg – something that is invisible. It is this invisible part that determines human behavior, including wars, fascism, and the fierce conflicts between people. Accident iceberg theory: Incident : Injury : Death = 300 : 29 : 1. Insight: Safety management must go beyond what is visible on the surface; it cannot be a mere formality or stay superficial. We need to consider not only the accidents that occur on the surface but also the underlying events and potential risks, ensuring comprehensive coverage in all directions and at all levels. 2 The barrel theory: The amount of water that a barrel can hold depends on the length of the shortest plank in it, not the longest one; a company is like such a barrel. Eight theories that can be applied to safety work. This theory can also be extended: the amount of water that a barrel can hold depends not only on the length of each plank but also on how tightly the planks are fitted together. If there are gaps between the wooden planks, or if those gaps are large, it is still not possible to fill them with water; not even a single drop will stay inside. The new barrel theory suggests that the traditional barrel theory has certain shortcomings. To determine whether a barrel can hold water and how much water it can hold, in addition to looking at the shortest plank, it is also necessary to check whether the barrel has a solid bottom and whether there are any gaps between the planks. The bottom of a wooden barrel is the foundation for its ability to hold water. Whether there are gaps in the wooden barrel is key to its ability to hold water. The bottom plate of the barrel is the foundation, the hoops are crucial, and the shortest plank determines the maximum capacity for water. In his new management book titled \"Water-Cooked Three Kingdoms,\" Mr. Cheng Junyi further develops the barrel theory: the amount of water that a barrel can hold depends not only on the length of each plank but also on how tightly the planks fit together. The combat effectiveness of a team depends not only on the individual capabilities of each member, but also on the cooperation and coordination among them; only in this way can they form a strong unified whole, preventing the company from becoming like a leaky bucket. Team members remind and supervise each other regarding unsafe behaviors. Insights: Weak points: legal protection, safety information, emergency rescue, risk identification, safety education... Foundation: rules and regulations, operating procedures. If the procedures and systems have flaws, the consequences can be catastrophic. Bucket hoop: Management and supervision. 70% of accidents are caused by violations of regulations, and more than 70% of the responsibility lies with the direct managers. In the fight against the three types of violations, it is even more important to crack down on illegal command. 3. The frog in warm water: When a frog is placed in hot water, it immediately jumps out; but when it is placed in warm water and the temperature is increased gradually, the frog loses its sensitivity to temperature changes and fails to leap out in time to escape danger, eventually dying as a result. This is the famous “frog in water effect” experiment. Revelation: The original approach isn’t necessarily correct; it may not have caused any problems, but it could still have flaws. It’s difficult to identify risks in a familiar environment! It’s harder to identify risks in a changing environment! 4. The Hierarchy of Needs Theory: Maslow proposed the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in 1943, arguing that the development of human motivation is closely related to the satisfaction of needs, and that these needs exist at different levels. There are eight theories that can serve as a reference for ensuring safety at work; the lowest level of needs are physiological needs, followed by needs related to safety, love and belonging, respect, and self-actualization. Self-actualization refers to the full realization of one’s creative potential; the pursuit of self-actualization is the highest motivation for humans, and it is characterized by selfless dedication to a particular cause. High-level self-actualization is characterized by transcending the ego and possesses high social value. At the first level are physiological needs, which include the requirements for various materials necessary to sustain life, such as food, clothing, shelter, and transportation ； At the second level are safety needs, such as having a secure livelihood, avoiding unemployment, and being free from threats to personal safety ； The third level consists of needs related to emotions and belonging, as well as social needs such as love, interaction, and friendship ； The fourth level is the need for dignity, which includes the desire to be respected, as well as the need for self-respect, status, and recognition ； The fifth level is the need for self-actualization, which involves striving to utilize one’s abilities to make life meaningful and fulfilling. Maslow believed that generally, only after the needs of one level have been partially satisfied does the need for the next level become an urgent and dominant requirement. He pointed out that motivating people in an orderly manner, following these levels, is necessary to achieve good results. Insight: Safety work will become increasingly important! Safety, environmental protection, and health are the trends of development! The order is S, E, H! As a company grows over time, it is unacceptable to end up with losses! “The rich value their lives; once basic needs are met, the need for safety comes first. As life becomes more prosperous, people will come to value their health even more! In the Nordic countries, for every employee, there are roughly 7 backups. If our company’s current levels of safety and environmental protection remain at those from the initial construction phase, we may not be able to recruit workers. 5. The Broken Window Theory: An American psychologist from Stanford University named James Q. Wilson conducted an experiment in which he used two identical cars – one was parked in a messy neighborhood, while the other was parked in a middle-class community. Eight theories that can serve as a guide for safe work practices. He removed the license plate from the car parked in a messy neighborhood and opened the roof, only for it to be stolen within a day. The other one, placed in a middle-class neighborhood, remained intact for a week as well. Later, Zhanbadao used a hammer to break a big hole in the car’s window, and just a few hours later, it was gone. Insight: Safety hazards must be eliminated promptly! Eliminate and fix defects in a timely manner to minimize safety costs. Identify and mitigate risks in a timely manner. Environmental impact affects safety work! It is necessary to create a good safety environment and atmosphere. Detailed management creates first-class enterprises! Enterprises need precise management, and the hallmark of this is standardization. 6 Accident Prone Theory: In psychology, there is a theory known as the “Accident Prone Theory,” which suggests that some people are more prone to accidents than others, and the main reason for this is their unstable emotions. Insight: Political ideological work is closely linked to safety work! The secretary must also be in charge of safety matters; it’s not just the administration that is responsible for ensuring safety! Political ideology and work influence work safety. There are countless cases in which employees’ emotional instability has led to accidents! The theory of accident tendency cannot be used as an excuse to shirk responsibility. The flea experiment: Scientists conducted an interesting experiment in which fleas were placed in a container covered with a transparent lid; each time the fleas jumped, they would hit the lid. After hitting it several times, the fleas adapted to this limited height and stopped hitting the lid during their jumps. At this point, the experimenter removes the transparent lid, and these well-trained fleas can no longer escape from the container, as each of their jumps no longer reaches that *usual height. There are many similar experiments; for example, the experimenter separated sharks from colored tropical fish with thick transparent glass. At first, the sharks tried to swim to the other side in order to catch food, but after repeated attempts that ended in failure, they gradually stopped trying to go to that side. Finally, the experimenter removed the glass, and both the shark and the tropical fish remained unharmed. Revelation *Habits can be developed. A good training environment fosters compliance with rules, while a poor supervision environment leads to rule violations. Primary school textbooks abroad already contain content on safety knowledge. If the 9/11 attacks had occurred in China, the number of deaths would have been even higher. 8 Theory of Obedience to Authority. In June 1961, Stanley Milgram, a 27-year-old psychology professor at Yale University, published an advertisement inviting readers to participate in a scientific study on memory. However, this experiment is not exactly what it seems to be. In the experiment, a student was alone in a room, and the scientist conducting the experiment asked him questions. If the answers were incorrect, Milgram would instruct the subject to deliver electric shocks to the student using the switch on the console, with the voltage ranging from 15 volts up to 450 volts, which was marked as \"dangerous\". The voltage kept rising; when it reached a level marked as \"dangerous,\" the student who was electrocuted began to scream, and eventually those screams were replaced by an ominous silence. Despite some hesitation and protests, 65% of the participants followed the instructions and carried out the experiment. Strangely, during the experiment, if someone outside shouted, “What are you doing! ”. 100% of the subjects will stop obeying! The student who was said to have been electrocuted was actually an actor; he was merely imitating the sound of being electrocuted, and he wasn’t hurt at all. Milgram’s experiment demonstrated that ordinary people will be persuaded by an authority figure to abuse a stranger—if they believe they can shift all responsibility onto that authority figure. It is evident that supervision is extremely important, as the focus in combating violations of safety rules is on stopping such violations; few people object to orders that themselves constitute violations! The role of safety supervision is immeasurable; when someone shouts in the vicinity, unethical behavior can be stopped.