What are the main international standards and certifications in China?

International standardization: The scope of standards is extensive, covering everything from basic fasteners and bearings as well as various raw materials, to semi-finished and finished products. The technical fields involved include information technology, transportation, agriculture, healthcare, and the environment. Each working body has its own work plan, which lists the standard items that need to be established (test methods, terminology, specifications, performance requirements, etc.). The ISO quality system standards include ISO9000, ISO9001, and ISO9004. The ISO9000 standard defines quality management and quality assurance systems, and is applicable to both manufacturing and service-oriented enterprises. The ISO9001 standard provides guidelines for implementing and auditing quality management and quality assurance systems. The ISO9000 quality system standards consist of 3 system standards and 8 guidelines. The 3 system standards are ISO9001, 9002, and 9003; the 8 guidelines are ISO9000-1 to 4 and ISO9004-1 to 4. The primary standard among them is ISO9001, which specifies 20 elements of a comprehensive quality system for organizations that design, manufacture products, and provide services. ISO9002 specifies 19 elements for organizations that only manufacture products without designing them or providing services. ISO9003 specifies 16 elements for organizations that conduct only inspections. The ISO9000 standard is revised every 5 to 7 years. The first set of standards was published in 1987; the first revision was released in 1994, the second revision in 2000, and the third revision in 2008. The new revised version will replace the current one in another 3 years. The newly revised version of ISO9001 is to include a single quality system standard. It indicates that ISO9001 will be applicable to all organizations. It will cover the following 4 sections: management responsibilities, resource management, process management, measurement, analysis, and improvement. The resource management section is entirely new, while the other sections include new projects. The newly revised version will include all the previous requirements, along with additional management requirements, process management requirements, as well as requirements for process measurement and improvement. The ISO/IEC criteria for the accreditation of standard testing laboratories and the specified requirements for their competence include ISO Guidelines 25, 58, 61, 62, and 65. ISO/IEC Guide 58 specifies the requirements for accreditation standards and testing laboratories. ISO/IEC Guide 61 specifies the requirements for bodies that certify approved products and register quality systems. ISO/IEC Guide 62 specifies the requirements for quality systems. ISO/IEC Guide 65 specifies the requirements for product certification. ISO/IEC guidelines are used for the consistent evaluation of products and services. Disagreements existing in **accreditation requirements are resolved by international and regional accreditation cooperation organizations. To shorten the process of assessing the consistency of telecommunications facilities and other products subject to certification, Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) have been established; these agreements will reduce the time and costs associated with obtaining certifications for products and quality systems. ISO9000 certification requires a functioning quality system that is in line with ISO9001, as well as a successful and independent assessment conducted by a recognized organization. To maintain their certification, registered organizations need to undergo supervision evaluations every 6 or 12 months, and a comprehensive re-evaluation is required every 3 years. Later versions of the ISO9000 series after 2000 merged 9002 and 9003 into the ISO9001:2000 standard. Therefore, only ISO9001 is used for certification; ISO9002 and ISO9003 have been phased out. ISO9004 is a guide for performance improvement; it is not used for certification, but only as a guide for improving overall organizational performance.

Common and major industry certifications: such as 9000, 14000, etc.?