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\"Methods for Identifying Serious Fire Hazards\" GA653-2006 1. Scope This standard specifies the principles for identifying serious fire hazards and provides methods for such identification. This standard applies to the determination of major fire hazards in existing industrial and civil buildings (including civil air defense facilities) and related premises that arise from violations or non-compliance with fire protection regulations. 2. Normative reference documents The provisions in the following documents become provisions of this standard through reference to it. For any referenced document that is dated, all subsequent amendment sheets (excluding corrections) or revised versions are not applicable to this standard; however, parties reaching an agreement under this standard are encouraged to consider whether the latest versions of such documents can be used. For reference documents without a date, the latest version applies to this standard. GB/T 5907 – Basic Terms in Fire Protection, Part 1; GB 12268 – List of Names of Dangerous Goods; GB 13690 – Classification and Marking of Commonly Used Dangerous Goods; GB/T 14107 – Basic Terms in Fire Protection, Part 2; GB 50045 – Code for Fire Protection Design of High-Rise Civil Buildings; GB 50067 – Code for Fire Protection Design of Garages, Repair Shops, and Parking Lots; GB 50074 – Code for Design of Oil Depots; GB 50084 – Code for Design of Automatic Sprinkler Systems; GB 50116 – Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm Systems; GB 50156 – Code for Design and Construction of Gasoline and Oil Filling Stations; GB 50157 – Code for Design of Subways; GB 50222 – Code for Fire Protection Design of Interior Decoration of Buildings; GBJ 16 – Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings. 3. Terms and Definitions: The terms and definitions established in GB/T 5907, GB 12268, GB 13690, GB/T 14107, GB 50045, GB 50067, GB 50074, GB 50084, GB 50116, GB 50156, GB 50157, GB 50222, and GBJ 16, as well as the following terms and definitions, apply to this standard. 3.1 Major fire hazards: Various potential safety risks that violate fire protection laws and regulations, which may lead to the occurrence of fires or an increase in the risk of fires, and could thus result in severe fire accidents and significant social consequences. 3.2 Public entertainment occupancies: Indoor venues that serve cultural and entertainment purposes, as well as for fitness and leisure, and are open to the public. This includes performance and screening venues such as theaters, video halls, and auditoriums; singing and dancing entertainment venues such as dance halls and karaoke bars; nightclubs, music cafes, bars, and dining establishments with entertainment functions; amusement and play areas; as well as entertainment, fitness, and leisure venues such as bowling alleys, roller rinks, and saunas, and Internet service providers. 3.3 Assembly occupancies in crowded places Indoor areas where people gather. Such as: hotels and inns like guesthouses and restaurants, dining establishments, shops such as shopping malls, markets, and supermarkets, sports venues, exhibition halls in public exhibition centers and museums, financial and securities trading venues, public entertainment venues, outpatient buildings and ward buildings in hospitals, facilities for the elderly, nurseries and kindergartens, school teaching buildings, libraries, and dormitories, reading rooms in public libraries, waiting areas in passenger stations, ports, and civil airports, and densely populated production and processing workshops as well as employee dormitories. 3.4 Places of flammable & explosive chemical materials: Locations where flammable and explosive chemical substances are produced, stored, or handled, including factories, warehouses, storage tanks (areas), specialized stores, dedicated stations and docks, combustible gas storage stations, filling stations, pressure regulation stations, supply stations, as well as gas and fuel filling stations. 3.5 Operating areas for ladder trucks Areas located near buildings, where ladder trucks can park and carry out firefighting and rescue operations. 3.6 Important places: Locations where a fire could cause significant social impacts and economic losses. Examples include: government agencies, urban water, power, gas, and heating control centers, radio, television, postal, and telecommunications buildings, power plants (stations), museums, archives, and cultural heritage sites at the provincial level and above, key building facilities in important research institutions, and urban subways. 4. General Provisions 4.1 The determination of major fire hazards shall adopt either a direct assessment method or a comprehensive assessment method based on the actual circumstances, and shall be carried out in accordance with the designated procedures and steps. 4.2 If it meets any of the criteria in Chapter 5 but does not satisfy the requirements of 4.5, it shall be directly classified as a major fire hazard. 4.3 If it does not meet any of the requirements specified in Chapter 5 and is also not in compliance with the provisions of 4.5, a comprehensive assessment shall be carried out in accordance with 6.3, taking into account the type of location and the various factors related to significant fire hazards. Situations meeting any one of the criteria listed in 6.2 shall be comprehensively determined as major fire hazards. 4.4 Regarding the potential property losses caused by a fire, a comprehensive analysis and assessment should be conducted based on the type of premises, the specific circumstances related to factors that pose a significant fire risk, the possible area affected by the fire, as well as the value of the items. 4.5 Any of the following situations shall not be considered a major fire hazard: a) Those that can be rectified immediately ； b) Due to **standard revisions (except as explicitly provided by laws and regulations)** ； c) Fire safety technical assessments were conducted in accordance with the law for major fire hazards, and corresponding technical measures have been taken ； d) The fire does not constitute a situation severe enough to result in a major fire accident or significant social impacts. 4.6 Procedure for determining major fire hazards: a) Conduct on-site inspections and obtain relevant visual and written materials ； b) Organize a group discussion for decision-making, with no fewer than 3 participants ； c) In cases involving complex and difficult technical issues, where it is challenging to determine significant fire hazards in accordance with these standards, the public security fire department shall organize experts to form a expert group to conduct technical evaluations. The expert group shall consist of local **industry supervisors, regulatory authorities, and experts in relevant fire protection technologies, with a minimum of 7 members ； d) During collective discussions or expert technical evaluations, parties with an interest in the matter, such as building owners and management or usage units, may participate in the discussions, but they should not be part of the expert group ； e) Collective discussions or expert technical evaluations should yield conclusive opinions to serve as a basis for identifying major fire hazards. The conclusive opinion determining it as a major fire hazard must be approved by more than 2/3 of the experts ； f) Collective discussions and expert technical evaluations should propose reasonable and feasible corrective measures along with deadlines. 5. Immediate determination of major fire hazards The following major fire hazards can be determined immediately: a) Factories, warehouses, and specialized stations, docks, and storage areas for the production, storage, and handling of flammable and explosive chemicals that are not located on the outskirts of the city or in relatively isolated safe areas ； b) Class A and B factories are located in the basement or semi-basement of the building ； c) Class A and B factories, warehouses, or Class C factories located together in the same building with crowded areas, residences, or dormitories ； d) The layout and number of safety exits and stairwells in public entertainment venues, shops, and underground areas with crowded crowds do not comply with the regulations ； e) Hotels, public entertainment venues, shops, and underground areas with high crowds that fail to install automatic sprinkler systems or automatic fire alarm systems as required ； f) Storage tanks (areas) for flammable and combustible liquids and gases are not equipped with fixed fire extinguishing and cooling facilities as required. 6. Comprehensive assessment of major fire hazards 6.1 Elements for comprehensive assessment 6.1.1 General layout 6.1.1.1 Fire lanes are not established as required, or they are blocked and occupied. 6.1.1.2 The existing fire separation distances between buildings are occupied. 6.1.1.3 The storage capacity of liquefied petroleum gas filling stations and combined fuel and gas filling stations within urban built-up areas shall meet or exceed the requirements specified in GB50156 for Class I stations. 6.1.1.4 Class C factories or warehouses combined with collective dormitories are located in the same building. 6.1.1.5 When child care facilities such as nurseries and kindergartens, children’s play areas, buildings for the elderly, and the inpatient sections of hospitals and sanatoriums are constructed together with other buildings, the floor levels where they are located do not comply with the regulations. 6.1.1.6 Commercial and operational venues shall not be established in the passenger evacuation areas of the concourses, on the platforms, or in the evacuation passages of underground stations. 6.1.2 Fire separation 6.1.2.1 Unauthorized alteration of the existing fire compartments, resulting in their area exceeding 50% of the specified limit. 6.1.2.2 The number of damaged fire separation facilities such as fire doors and fire shutters exceeds 50% of the total number of fire separation facilities in that fire compartment. 6.1.2.3 In Class C, D, and E factories, no fire and explosion prevention measures have been taken in areas at risk of fire and explosion, or such measures are insufficient to prevent the spread of fires. 6.1.3 Safe evacuation and fire fighting and rescue 6.1.3.1 Unauthorized modification of the fire separation facilities in the building’s escape routes, refuge rooms, refuge floors, and other areas, or when these escape routes, refuge rooms, and refuge floors are occupied or blocked and cannot be used properly. 6.1.3.2 The number of safety exits in the building does not meet the requirements, or they are blocked. 6.1.3.3 Independent emergency exits and evacuation stairs that should be provided as required are not provided. 6.1.3.4 The evacuation distance within the store’s sales area exceeds the specified distance by 25%. 6.1.3.5 High-rise buildings and underground structures fail to install evacuation signs and emergency lighting as required, or the damage rate exceeds 30% ； Other buildings either fail to install evacuation signs and emergency lighting as required, or have a damage rate of over 50%. 6.1.3.6 In high-rise buildings with crowded areas, the damage rate of the doors to enclosed stairwells and smoke-proof stairwells exceeds 20%; in other buildings, this rate exceeds 50%. 6.1.3.7 The combustion performance of the finishing materials in the evacuation corridors, evacuation stairwells, and antechambers within civil buildings shall be below Class B1. 6.1.3.8 Fences or rolling shutters shall be installed in the evacuation corridors, stairwells, evacuation doors, or safety exits of crowded places. 6.1.3.9 In locations other than those specified in 5.4, the layout and quantity of safety exits and stairwells do not comply with the regulations. 6.1.3.10 In buildings with crowded areas, existing exterior windows that are sealed or blocked by billboards and similar structures can impede evacuation as well as firefighting and rescue efforts. 6.1.3.11 The operating area for lift-type fire trucks in high-rise buildings is occupied, affecting firefighting operations. 6.1.3.12 The fire elevators in certain types of high-rise residential buildings are unable to operate properly. 6.1.4 Fire water supply and fire extinguishing facilities 6.1.4.1 Fire water sources are not installed as required. 6.1.4.2 Outdoor fire water supply facilities are not installed as required, or they are installed but cannot be used properly. 6.1.4.3 The indoor fire hydrant system has not been installed as required, or it has been installed but cannot be used normally. 6.1.4.4 In places other than those specified in 5.5, automatic sprinkler systems have not been installed as required. 6.1.4.5 Other fixed fire extinguishing installations other than the automatic sprinkler system have not been installed as required. 6.1.4.6 The installed automatic sprinkler systems or other fixed fire extinguishing installations are unable to be used or operated properly. 6.1.5 Smoke control and exhaust facilities In crowded places, smoke control and exhaust facilities are not installed as required, or they are installed but cannot be used or operated properly. 6.1.6 Fire power supply 6.1.6.1 Fire-fighting electrical equipment does not use dedicated power circuits as required. 6.1.6.2 Automatic switching devices at the end of fire-fighting electrical equipment are not installed as required, or they are installed but do not function properly. 6.1.7 Automatic fire alarm systems 6.1.7.1 Automatic fire alarm systems are not installed in other locations as required, except as specified in 5.5. 6.1.7.2 The automatic fire alarm system is in a faulty state and cannot return to normal operation. 6.1.7.3 Automatic fire protection systems cannot be controlled in a coordinated manner. 6.1.8 Others 6.1.8.1 Installing electrical circuits or equipment directly on combustible materials or components in violation of regulations. 6.1.8.2 Facilities for lightning and static electricity protection are not installed as required at sites handling flammable and explosive chemicals, or such protection facilities are malfunctioning. 6.1.8.3 In areas with flammable and explosive chemicals or a risk of dust explosions, explosion-proof electrical equipment is not installed as required, or such equipment is malfunctioning. 6.1.8.4 Using flammable materials for decoration in public places in violation of regulations. 6.2 Comprehensive Judgment Rules 6.2.1 In crowded places, there are 2 or more of the elements specified in 6.1.3.1–6.1.3.9 and 6.1.5, 6.1.8.4 (including these numbers, the same below). 6.2.2 Areas containing flammable and explosive chemicals have two or more of the elements specified in 6.1.1.1–6.1.1.4, 6.1.4.5, and 6.1.4.6. 6.2.3 In crowded places, places with flammable and explosive chemicals, and important locations, there are three or more of the elements specified in Article 6.1. 6.2.4 More than 4 of the elements specified in 6.1 are present in other locations. 6.3 Comprehensive Judgment Steps 6.3.1 Determine the category of the building or facility. 6.3.2 Determine the presence and quantity of the elements specified in 6.1 in that building or premises. 6.3.3 In accordance with the provisions of 4.6, a comprehensive assessment of major fire hazards shall be carried out by referring to the rules in 6.2. 6.3.4 Verification shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of 4.5.