It’s hot; what are the principles behind air conditioners’ cooling and heating functions?

The four main components are the compressor, condenser, throttle valve, and evaporator. The low-pressure gaseous working fluid enters the compressor, where it is compressed into a high-temperature, high-pressure gas. At this point, the boiling point of the fluid increases as pressure rises (just as water reaches its highest temperature at sea level). The high-boiling-point working fluid enters the condenser and begins to liquefy; at this point, it releases heat and turns into a liquid. Next, before entering the evaporator, it passes through a throttle valve, which further reduces the pressure of the working fluid. The fluid with reduced pressure then begins to evaporate in the evaporator, where it absorbs heat and turns back into a low-pressure gas. Entering the compressor again, the refrigerant continues to circulate in this manner. Through the vaporization and liquefaction processes of the refrigerant mentioned above, heat is transferred from the evaporator to the condenser. In home air conditioners, the evaporator is located inside the house while the condenser is outside, thereby enabling cooling. The refrigerator’s evaporator is located inside the freezer compartment, while the condenser is placed outside to dissipate heat; this is the coil that could be seen on the outside of older refrigerators

One reason why the air conditioner does not cool: insufficient Freon (commonly known as insufficient refrigerant). Another reason: insufficient voltage supply. A third reason: the air conditioner has insufficient power, which prevents it from cooling. A fourth reason: extremely high external temperatures prevent the air conditioner from cooling. A fifth reason: the air conditioner has not been cleaned or maintained for a long time. A sixth reason: the copper pipes between the outdoor unit and the indoor unit are too long

I. Air conditioning heating: When the air conditioner is in heating mode, the fluorine gas is compressed by the compressor, turning into a high-temperature, high-pressure gas that enters the heat exchanger of the indoor unit (which functions as a condenser at this stage). There, it condenses and liquefies, releasing heat in the process; it becomes a liquid and simultaneously heats the indoor air, thereby raising the indoor temperature. The liquid Freon is depressurized by a throttling device and enters the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit (which functions as an evaporator at this point); it evaporates by absorbing heat, turning into a gas, and in doing so absorbs heat from the outdoor air (causing the outdoor air to become colder). The fluorocarbon, now in gas form, enters the compressor again to start the next cycle. II. Air conditioning cooling: During air conditioning cooling, the fluorine gas is compressed by the compressor, turning into a high-temperature, high-pressure gas that enters the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit (which functions as a condenser at this stage). There, it condenses and liquefies while releasing heat, thus becoming a liquid; meanwhile, the heat is released into the atmosphere. The liquid Freon is depressurized by a throttling device and enters the heat exchanger of the indoor unit (which functions as an evaporator at this point). There, it evaporates by absorbing heat, turning into a gas; simultaneously, it absorbs heat from the indoor air, thereby reducing the indoor temperature. The fluorocarbon, now in gas form, enters the compressor again to start the next cycle. Through the processes of liquefaction and vaporization of freon as described above, heat is absorbed at the evaporator and transferred to the condenser where it is released, thereby enabling heat transfer and achieving heating or cooling effects.

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