3D Process Flow -- Petroleum Refining Hydrocracking

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Hydrocracking is an important secondary processing technique in petroleum refining, which converts heavy oils (such as vacuum wax oil and deasphalted oil) into high-value light products (naphtha, diesel, etc.) in the presence of hydrogen and under the action of a catalyst. The process uses a fixed-bed reactor, which is typically divided into a single-stage method, a two-stage method, or a series of beds. The core reactions include hydrodesulfurization, denitration, deoxygenation, and the cracking of large molecular hydrocarbons. The reaction takes place at high temperatures (350–450°C) and high pressures (10–20 MPa); the catalysts typically consist of Ni-Mo or Ni-W-based hydrogenation active components combined with zeolite molecular sieve cracking components. It features good product quality, low sulfur and nitrogen content, and a high cetane number for diesel; it is a key technology for producing clean fuels and chemical raw materials.