12 animations demonstrating the working principles of various tower equipment

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Tower equipment is the most significant equipment in the petrochemical industry. Full contact between gas-liquid or liquid-liquid phases can be carried out in the tower equipment, and mass transfer between phases can be implemented. Therefore, tower equipment is commonly used in the production process for unit operations such as distillation, absorption, desorption, gas humidification and cooling. 1. Packed absorption tower Introduction to packed absorption tower: A packed tower is a mass transfer device that uses the packing in the tower as a contact component between the gas and liquid phases. The body of the packing tower is a vertical cylinder with a packing support plate installed at the bottom. The packing is placed on the support plate in a random pile or in a complete pile. A packing pressure plate is installed above the packing to prevent it from being blown by the rising airflow. The liquid is sprayed from the top of the tower onto the packing through the liquid distributor and flows down along the surface of the packing. The gas is fed from the bottom of the tower and distributed through the gas distribution device (small-diameter towers generally do not have gas distribution devices), and then continuously passes through the gaps in the packing layer in countercurrent with the liquid. On the surface of the packing, the gas and liquid phases are in close contact for mass transfer. The packed tower is a continuous contact gas-liquid mass transfer equipment. The two-phase composition changes continuously along the height of the tower. Under normal operating conditions, the gas phase is the continuous phase and the liquid phase is the dispersed phase. advantage: It has large production capacity, high separation efficiency, small pressure drop, small liquid holding capacity, and high operating flexibility. shortcoming: The packing cost is high; when the liquid load is small, the packing surface cannot be effectively wetted, reducing the mass transfer efficiency; it cannot be directly used for materials with suspended matter or easy polymerization; it is not suitable for complex distillation such as side feed and discharge. 2. Plate distillation tower Plate distillation tower Internal flow conditions of the plate distillation tower The plate tower is a step-by-step contact gas-liquid mass transfer equipment. It is mainly composed of a cylindrical shell, a tray, an overflow weir, a downcomer, a liquid receiving tray and other components. principle: The liquid flows by gravity from the downcomer on the upper tray to the liquid receiving tray on the lower tray, then flows crosswise across the tray, and flows from the downcomer on the other side to the next tray. The function of the overflow weir is to maintain a certain thickness of liquid layer on the tray. Driven by the pressure difference, the gas passes through the gas channels (bubble caps, screen holes or float valves, etc.) of each tray from bottom to top, disperses into small air flows, and bubbles through the liquid layer of each tray. On the tray, the gas and liquid phases are in close contact, exchanging heat and mass. In the plate tower, the gas and liquid phases come into contact step by step, and the composition of the two phases changes stepwise along the height of the tower. Under normal operation, the liquid phase is the continuous phase and the gas phase is the dispersed phase. More content: Distillation tower related schematics, worth collecting! 3. Gas Cooling Tower Gas Cooling Tower Cooling Tower Function: The waste heat generated during industrial production is generally taken away by cooling water. The function of the cooling tower is to exchange heat between the cooling water carrying waste heat and the air in the tower, so that the waste heat is transferred to the air and dispersed into the atmosphere. For example: In a thermal power plant, the boiler heats water into high-temperature and high-pressure steam, which drives the steam turbine to do work to make the generator generate electricity. The waste steam after the steam turbine does work is discharged into the condenser, where it exchanges heat with the cooling water and condenses into water, which is then pumped back to the boiler for recycling. During this process, the waste heat of the exhaust steam is transferred to the cooling water, causing the water temperature to rise. The cooling water carrying the waste heat transfers heat to the air in the cooling tower, and is discharged from the air duct into the atmospheric environment. Cooling tower application range: It is mainly used in air conditioning cooling systems, refrigeration series, injection molding, tanning, foaming, power generation, steam turbines, aluminum profile processing, air compressors, industrial water cooling and other fields. The most common applications are in air conditioning cooling, refrigeration, and plastic chemical industries. More content: The working principle diagram of the series dryer is worth collecting! 4. Sieve plate extraction tower Sieve plate extraction tower Tray structure Characteristics of sieve plate extraction tower: It has large processing capacity, simple structure and low cost, and is widely used in chemical production processes. The flow structure of the liquid and liquid phases in the tower has an important influence on the mass transfer efficiency. At the same time, the flow structure of the continuous phase is closely related to the structure of the tower internals. 5. Packed extraction tower Working principle of the overall structure of packed extraction tower: The structure of the packed extraction tower is basically the same as that of the distillation or absorption packed tower. The tower is equipped with suitable packing. The light liquid phase enters from the bottom of the tower and is discharged from the top of the tower. ； The heavy liquid phase enters from the top of the tower and is discharged from the bottom of the tower. During the extraction operation, the continuous phase fills the entire tower, and the dispersed phase is dispersed into droplets by the distributor, enters the packing layer, and contacts the continuous liquid phase for mass transfer. More content: The working principle of extraction equipment is worth collecting! 6. Working principle of reciprocating sieve plate extraction tower reciprocating sieve plate extraction tower: Reciprocating sieve plate extraction tower is also called vibrating sieve plate tower. The tower is equipped with extraction equipment with a reciprocating central axis of many sieve plates. The central axis drives the plate strings to reciprocate in the vertical direction through the driving device at the top of the tower, thereby stirring and dispersing the two liquid phases flowing countercurrently in the tower. The amplitude and frequency of the reciprocating motion of the plate string can be adjusted. Because the reciprocating sieve plate extraction tower has the advantages of large processing capacity, high efficiency, great operating flexibility and simple structure, it is widely used in pharmaceutical, petrochemical, hydrometallurgy, wastewater treatment and other industrial sectors. 7. Working principle of rotating disc sieve plate extraction tower rotating disc sieve plate extraction tower: The rotating disk extraction tower is a mechanically stirred tower extraction equipment. It consists of three parts.: Upper clarification section, mixing section, and lower clarification section. The mixing section is a cylindrical shape, and the interior is divided into a series of extraction chambers by static ring baffles. In the middle of the two static ring baffles is a fixed turntable that rotates with the stirring shaft. During operation, the heavy phase (aqueous phase) and the light phase (organic phase) enter from the top and bottom of the tower respectively, and are in counter-current contact in the tower. Under the agitation of the fixed turntable, the dispersed phase forms small droplets, which increases the mass transfer area. After the extraction process is completed, the light phase and the heavy phase flow out from the outlets at the top and bottom of the tower respectively. 8. F1 type float tower Features of F1 type float tower: It has large production capacity, stable tray efficiency, high operating flexibility, low cost, and convenient maintenance and cleaning, so it is widely used. 9. Bubble cap tower Working principle of bubble cap tower: It is usually used to bring steam (or gas) into close contact with liquid to promote mass transfer between them. The tower is equipped with a multi-layer horizontal tray, with several short tubes for steam (or gas) to pass through. Each of them is covered with a bubble cap with tooth slits or small grooves at the bottom edge, and is equipped with an overflow pipe. During operation, liquid continuously enters from the upper part of the tower, descends plate by plate through the overflow pipe, and accumulates liquid layers on each plate to form a liquid seal. ； Steam (or gas) enters from the bottom of the tower, disperses into small bubbles through the tooth gaps or small grooves on the bottom edge of the bubble cap, fully contacts the liquid, passes through the liquid layer to the liquid level, and then rises to the upper tray. The short tube is installed in the tower, which is called internal overflow type. ； There are also those installed outside the tower, called external overflow type. Bubble columns are widely used for distillation and gas absorption. The bubble cap tower has greater operational flexibility and the trays are less likely to be blocked. However, the structure is complex, the cost is high, the liquid layer on the trays is thick, the pressure drop on the trays is large, and the production capacity and plate efficiency are low. 10. Turbulent spherical tower dust collector Principle of turbulent spherical tower dust collector: A certain amount of polyethylene spherical packing is put into the tower. When the gas velocity reaches a certain value, the small balls are suspended, violently tumbling, rotating and colliding with each other to achieve the effects of mass transfer and dust removal. Features: It overcomes the shortcomings of traditional towers such as easy scaling, easy clogging, low desulfurization efficiency, unstable operation, and high operating costs. At the same time, the liquid-gas ratio is reduced to a minimum of 1 to 3L/m?, and the operating costs are also low. 11. Introduction to scrubber and scrubber: The scrubber is a new type of gas purification treatment equipment. It is improved on the basis of the floating packing layer gas purifier. It is widely used in pre-treatment of industrial waste gas purification, dust removal and other aspects, and the purification effect is very good. For the coal gasification process, gas washing is inevitable, and this unit operation is used in any coal gasification technology. Because its working principle is similar to the washing process, it is named washing tower. Features: 1) Water-washed exhaust gas treatment system, cheap and simple treatment method ； 2) Upright structure is most suitable for installation in economical space ； 3) Suitable for gaseous and liquid pollution sources ； 4) Treat a single pollution source ； 5) Suitable for medium and low air volume ； 12. Fractionating tower Principle of fractionating tower: In a limited space, increase the heat exchange area of the liquid mixture as much as possible. Generally, the mixture used for rectification and fractionation is an organic azeotrope. The azeotrope is first heated from the reaction kettle and rises to the fractionation section. The one with a low boiling point continues to rise, because the temperature of the top of the tower is the same as that of the low boiling point material after receiving heat transfer from the low boiling point material. , so the low boiling point substances are fractionated out, while the higher boiling point substances do not reach the corresponding boiling point, so they will be cooled and refluxed into the reaction kettle or the lower part of the fractionation column. After the low boiling point substances are completely distilled out, the higher boiling point substances are fractionated one after another, and then the high boiling point substances are distilled out, and finally the residue is at the bottom of the reactor. 13. Other tower equipment such as: Continuous liquid-liquid extraction tower, ZST vibrating sieve plate extraction tower and various new tower equipment. 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