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1. Equipment: Equipment generally refers to the machinery and devices used in production, and it constitutes a major component of fixed assets. It is an umbrella term for physical materials in industrial enterprises that can be used over a long period of time while largely retaining their original physical form during use. In mechanical systems, equipment generally refers to two categories of production facilities: mechanical and power-related ones. 2. Equipment management: The equipment management practice currently adopted and gradually implemented in China involves comprehensive management throughout the life cycle of equipment. That is, based on the business objectives of an enterprise, a range of technical, economic, and organizational measures are used to handle aspects such as equipment planning, acquisition (design, manufacturing), installation, operation, maintenance, repair, renovation, and replacement. Activities related to the transfer of equipment throughout its life cycle until it is scrapped; equipment management encompasses both the physical movement and the value movement of equipment. 3. Production equipment: Production equipment refers to the devices that are directly or indirectly involved in the production process. It is a major component of a company’s fixed assets for equipment; production equipment mainly includes complete sets of equipment, systems, individual machines, and other tangible assets such as installations. Production equipment needs to have depreciation deducted from production costs in order to compensate for the physical and technical wear and tear it suffers over time. 4. Equipment Planning Equipment planning includes two aspects: equipment management and the planning for the introduction of new equipment. The planning for equipment management refers to the medium- and long-term (three or five years) as well as annual plans aimed at improving the level of equipment management. The planning for new equipment installation refers to the planning for the installation, upgrading, and renovation of new equipment; equipment planning is an important part of the overall plan for a company’s development and production operations. 5. Integrated Equipment Engineering. Integrated Equipment Engineering focuses on the entire life cycle of equipment; it represents a combination of management, finance, engineering techniques, and other practical practices applied to tangible assets, with the goal of achieving economic lifecycle costs. The activities of equipment systems engineering include: establishing requirements for the reliability and maintainability of equipment, as well as conducting reliability and maintainability design; carrying out the installation, commissioning, maintenance, modification, and renewal of various assets; and providing relevant feedback. 6. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) TPM is a modern equipment management and maintenance system from Japan. It aims to achieve the highest overall efficiency of equipment by establishing a comprehensive maintenance system that covers the entire life cycle of the equipment. It involves all aspects related to equipment, including planning, use, and maintenance, with participation from top management down to frontline workers. This type of maintenance is implemented through autonomous group activities; in summary, TPM stands for Total Participation, Total System, and Total Efficiency, while PM refers to productive maintenance (including corrective maintenance, preventive maintenance, improvement maintenance, and maintenance prevention). 7. Economic life of equipment: The economic life of equipment (also known as its value life) is determined based on the costs associated with using the equipment, including maintenance and depreciation expenses. It generally refers to the number of years in which the average annual usage cost is lowest. The economic life is used to determine the optimal depreciation period for the equipment as well as the best time for replacement. 8. Technical life of the equipment: The period during which the equipment retains technical value, that is, from the time it starts to be used until it is replaced by newer models that are more advanced technologically. The length of the technical life depends on the rate of intangible wear and tear of the equipment. 9. Equipment freshness: Equipment freshness = Book value / Original value of the equipment. It reflects the degree of newness of a company’s equipment; in a sense, it indicates the technical level of that equipment. As corporate economic reforms progress, equipment freshness has become an important indicator for evaluating the renovation and upgrading of a company’s equipment. 10. Equipment Selection: Equipment selection refers to the process of determining the optimal equipment for purchase. This is done by conducting investigations and comparative analyses, taking into account the requirements of the production process and market availability, as well as principles such as technical advancement, economic Reasonableness, and suitability for production. Other factors including replaceability, maintainability, operability, and energy supply are also considered in this process. 11. Technical and economic evaluation: Technical and economic evaluation refers to the analysis, comparison, and assessment of equipment planning from both technical and economic perspectives, based on the dialectical relationship between technology and economics. It aims to determine the necessity, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness of various options, so as to achieve the best combination of technological advancement and economic rationality, and thus obtain the optimal economic benefits. 12. Equipment operating procedures refer to the relevant regulations and procedures for operators to use the equipment correctly. Since the structures of different types of equipment vary, the requirements for operating them also differ. When drafting equipment operation procedures, it is necessary to rely primarily on the specifications provided in the equipment manuals issued by the manufacturer. 13. Equipment Operation Procedures The equipment operation procedures outline the requirements and regulations regarding the use of equipment by operators. For example ； Operators must receive training in the basic skills of equipment operation, pass the relevant examinations, and be issued an operation certificate before they can operate the equipment ； Do not overload the equipment ； Comply with the equipment handover system, etc. 14. Equipment Maintenance Procedures: Equipment maintenance procedures refer to the measures and precautions that workers must take to ensure the proper operation of the equipment. For example: operators must inspect and refuel the equipment when starting work, and ensure that the equipment is cleaned after work, as well as lubricate it according to the specified lubrication schedule; maintenance workers are responsible for conducting regular inspections of the equipment, as well as performing periodic maintenance and adjustments. 15. Planned preventive maintenance system: A system for carrying out preventive daily maintenance of equipment in accordance with a repair plan, as well as for conducting inspections and major, medium, and minor repairs. It was first developed in the Soviet Union; it is based primarily on the repair cycle structure and the complexity coefficient of repairs, and represents a type of preventive repair plan implemented in advance. 16. Equipment maintenance plan: Based on the actual operating hours of the equipment, its technical condition, monitoring data, the types of repairs required for major components, and the role of the equipment in the production process, different maintenance methods are employed to develop preventive strategies. This is a maintenance plan that combines preventive measures with condition-based approaches. 17. Hierarchical management of equipment: In the field of equipment management, the principle of \"hierarchical management\" should be applied. For key equipment that has a direct impact on the completion of **important national or local tasks as well as key product plans, the relevant industry and local authorities must oversee it carefully in accordance with their respective responsibilities. Plans, policies, regulations, and rules related to equipment management across the entire industry must be established uniformly, and their implementation should be monitored and supervised. Important technical and economic indicators as well as rules and regulations regarding equipment management must be set and checked by the industry authorities. 18. Combination of maintenance and planned repairs: Equipment maintenance refers to the daily activities carried out to maintain the equipment’s specified functions, while planned repairs refer to the comprehensive inspection and repair work needed to restore those specified functions. (The maintenance plan is formulated based on the actual technical condition of the equipment.) The maintenance of equipment and scheduled inspections are integral parts of equipment repair work; neither can be neglected. They should be planned properly and integrated closely together to ensure that the equipment remains in good technical condition. 19. A combination of repair, modification, and renewal: Equipment repair refers to the technical activities carried out to restore the equipment’s specified functions, serving as a partial compensation for the physical wear and tear of the equipment. Equipment modification involves upgrading existing equipment by using new technologies, new structures, and alternative components ； It is a partial compensation for the technical wear and tear of equipment, while upgrading refers to replacing the existing equipment with newer models that have more advanced technology or better performance: it represents a thorough compensation for the wear and tear of equipment. Considering the repair, modification, and renewal of equipment together enables it to achieve better economic benefits, and this is also the main approach to equipment management and maintenance. 20. Combining professional management with mass management: The integration of professional management and mass management for equipment is the organizational approach adopted in China for equipment management. Professional management refers to the comprehensive functional management of a company’s equipment and power systems, while mass management involves carrying out collective equipment management activities among the operators. This organizational approach that combines professional and mass management has been proven effective in practice. 21. The integration of technical management and economic management. Technical management refers to the overall term for a company’s work related to the organization and management of production technology. Economic management refers to the overall term for management activities in social material production, aimed at achieving greater results with fewer human, material, financial resources, and time. Throughout the life cycle of a device, there exist two forms of movement: physical movement and value movement. The control of the physical movement pattern falls under the scope of technical management, while the control of the value movement pattern belongs to economic management. The aim of improving both the technical and economic aspects of equipment management is to achieve economical total life-cycle costs for the equipment, and these two aspects must be closely integrated. 22. Equipment in good condition: Equipment in good condition refers to equipment that meets the specified functions and is in a sound state. The specific standards for what constitutes good condition for equipment are established by the relevant industry authorities, based on the characteristics of equipment in that industry as well as general requirements; these standards are then submitted to the **Economic Commission for record-keeping, to serve as a uniform criterion for checking whether equipment is in good condition within the industry. 23. Key equipment: Enterprises identify, based on the nature and requirements of their production, the equipment that holds a significant position and plays an important role in the production process; they focus on maintaining and managing such equipment to ensure the smooth operation of production. Once the key equipment is identified, it does not remain unchanged for long; it is adjusted regularly as the company’s production structure, production plans, and product manufacturing requirements change. 24. Sudden failures of equipment: These are random failures that cannot be predicted through prior testing or monitoring; they occur without any obvious signs or progression, and the probability of such failures is independent of the amount of time the equipment has been in use. 25. Gradual failure of equipment: Failures that can be predicted through prior testing or monitoring, where the probability of occurrence increases over time; the longer the equipment is in use, the higher the likelihood of failure, such as due to part wear, corrosion, fatigue, aging, etc. 26. The principle of “not letting go of three things”: In the event of a serious equipment accident, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of not letting go of three things; the accident must not be resolved until its causes have been clearly analyzed ； Those responsible for the accident, as well as those who lack education, will not be spared ； No risk is overlooked without preventive measures. The purpose is to prevent similar accidents from occurring again. 27. Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) The MTBF analysis method refers to the average value of the time intervals between failures for a device that can be repaired, from one failure to the next. Various enterprises use the MTBF analysis method to analyze how “all instances of equipment downtime for maintenance operations” occur. They document all encountered problems and create an analysis table, thereby identifying the key areas for “research aimed at reducing maintenance operations” and improving both the reliability and maintainability of their equipment. 28. Daily inspections and regular inspections of equipment: Daily inspections refer to a equipment condition management and maintenance method in which operators, in accordance with specified standards and relying primarily on their senses, check the technical condition of various parts of the equipment. Regular inspections, on the other hand, are a equipment condition management and maintenance method in which maintenance workers, at predetermined intervals, conduct comprehensive checks and measurements of the equipment’s performance and accuracy, either using their senses or instruments. 29. The “Five Disciplines” for Using Equipment The “Five Disciplines” for using equipment refer to: (1) Using the equipment only with an operation permit and adhering to safety operating procedures. (2) Keep the equipment clean regularly and refuel it as specified. (3) Comply with the equipment shift handover system. (4) Manage tools and attachments properly to prevent loss. (5) If any abnormality is detected, stop the machine immediately. For issues that cannot be resolved on one’s own, notify the relevant personnel promptly to conduct an inspection and take action. 30. The “four requirements” for equipment maintenance. The “four requirements” for maintaining equipment refer to ； (1) Neatness: Tools, workpieces, accessories, safety protection devices, wires, and pipes should be neat, complete, and in good condition. (2) Cleaning, that is, the inside and outside of the equipment should be clean without oil residues, and any chips and debris around the equipment must be removed. (3) Lubrication, which involves topping up and changing oil on schedule, using oil that meets the required standards, keeping all lubrication devices, oil felts, oil lines, and oil gauges clean, and ensuring that the oil circuits remain unobstructed. (4) Safety, which means strictly adhering to the operating and usage procedures for the equipment, using it properly, maintaining it carefully, and ensuring no accidents occur. 31. The “eight-character” principle for the management of power equipment: The “eight-character” principle for the economic operation of power equipment management is ； Safe, reliable, economical, reasonable operation of power equipment refers to a mode of operation in which the power system achieves minimal losses and lowest costs while ensuring the supply of power to the load. 32. Lubrication: the “five fixed principles” and “three-stage filtration”. The five fixed principles for equipment lubrication refer to: assigning a specific person responsible (designating someone to carry out the lubrication) ； Timing (scheduled oil change) ； Fixed point (fixed-point oil supply), fixed quality (fixed-quality oil intake), and fixed quantity (fixed-volume oil usage). Three-stage filtration means that liquid lubricants must be filtered before entering the company’s main oil storage, again when being poured into the lubrication containers, and once more when supplied to the equipment. 33. Specialization in equipment maintenance: Planning and implementing the establishment of specialized repair shops or regional maintenance centers based on regions or different types of equipment. Through economic contracts, these specialized repair shops carry out equipment maintenance for enterprises that lack the capability or resources to do so themselves; this represents an important form of specialization in maintenance work. 34. Socialization of equipment maintenance: Separating the task of equipment maintenance from enterprises, establishing and improving various independent specialized repair facilities to undertake repair work, thereby gradually forming a socialized repair system. This is a strategic goal for achieving reform of the organizational structure in industrial production.