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Water expands in volume when the temperature drops below zero degrees. If the water remaining inside the pump is not removed, the force generated by this volume expansion at low temperatures can cause the pump to crack, resulting in unnecessary damage. Are you, as in previous years, worried that the pump you are using might freeze easily in low-temperature conditions, or even have its casing crack? The density of water is usually 1 g/cm3, while the density of ice is usually 0.9 g/cm3. It can be seen that when water freezes, its volume expands by about 10%. We usually pay close attention to the maintenance of household appliances, furniture, etc.; in fact, the maintenance and protection of water pumps are also very important. To ensure our water pumps are used effectively and to extend their service life, especially in the cold weather of winter, while these pumps provide us with convenient access to water, we need to take certain protective measures for them during winter as well. The pump casing is usually made of cast iron or stainless steel, metals with a relatively low coefficient of expansion; therefore, when ice forms inside the pump in winter, it can cause the casing to crack. (Note, everyone: if a pump cracks due to freezing, the manufacturer generally will not be held responsible for it.) To avoid this issue, when the water pump is not in use for an extended period during winter (for example, when families in the north go on a week-long trip during the Spring Festival), it is necessary to close the inlet and outlet valves of the pump, as well as open the drain plug to empty the pump. When restarting the water pump, it is necessary to exhaust air first to fill the pump with water, in order to prevent damage to the mechanical seal due to dry operation. It is also necessary to check whether the pipes are blocked by ice. In special cases, when the water pump cannot be emptied, insulating the pump head or installing electric heating can be considered. In the winters of the north, outdoor temperatures often drop to between -10 and -30 degrees. Proper maintenance of water pumps not only helps to extend their service life but also ensures that they can operate at full efficiency.