The formation of the recirculation zone
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Why does a backflow zone form when fluid is injected at high speed into a nozzle in a confined space?
According to Bernoulli’s equation, as the flow velocity of a fluid increases, its static pressure decreases accordingly, in order to maintain the conservation of total mechanical energy. Fluid is injected at high speed into a nozzle in a confined space; the flow area is smallest at the nozzle, the flow velocity is highest there, and the pressure is lowest as well. Therefore, a backflow zone forms around the nozzle.