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I. Overview: Bellows* are often equipped with wave compensators, expansion joints, etc. Expansion joints are compensation devices that utilize the effective elastic deformation of the bellows’ elastic elements to absorb dimensional changes in pipelines, conduits, or containers caused by factors such as thermal expansion and contraction; they constitute a type of compensation element. It can absorb axial, lateral, and angular displacements, and is used to address thermal and mechanical displacements in pipes, equipment, and systems, to absorb vibrations, and to reduce noise. II. Scope of Application 1. Hot and cold pipelines in various industries 2. Inlet and outlet pipelines of equipment sensitive to connection loads that require restriction 3. Pipelines that need to absorb and isolate high-frequency mechanical vibrations 4. Pipelines designed to absorb seismic forces or ground settlement III. Main Technical Parameters Pressure, temperature, compensator type, stiffness, service life, working medium, connection method IV. Classification and Applications of Compensators (Bellows) Bellows compensators can be classified according to the type of displacement, and are generally divided into axial, lateral, angular, and pressure-balancing types of bellows compensators. Classified by whether they generate a pressure thrust (blind plate force) due to the pressure of the medium inside the pipeline, they can be divided into unconfined wave compensators (bellows) and confined wave compensators (bellows). ......l Applications 1. Thermal power plants: boilers, gas turbine exhaust systems, dust removal systems, desulfurization and denitration systems. 2. Petrochemical enterprises: boilers, flue gas desulfurization devices for industrial furnaces, wet and dry ventilation ducts. 3. Steel plants: dust removal systems for blast furnaces, converters, flue gas, etc. 4. Cement plants: kilns, dust collection systems, and systems for removing smoke and dust.