What conditions must be met for the series and parallel operation of pumps respectively?

For pumps to operate in series, the following conditions must be met: 1. Equal flow rates: The flow rate of each pump in series should be the same. 2. Head addition: The total head when pumps are operated in series equals the sum of the heads of each pump. 3. Similar operating characteristics: It is required that both the operating point of the first pump and the shutdown point of the last pump lie on the H-Q characteristic curve under the desired operating conditions, so as to achieve an optimal operating point. Parallel operation of pumps requires the following conditions: 1. Flow divisibility: The designed flow rates of each pump should be the same or capable of working together to achieve the desired flow rate. 2. Operating points are similar: All parallel pumps should be able to operate under similar conditions. 3. Adjustable: Each pump should have an adjustable mechanism to allow for individual control. 4. Equal total head: The total head provided by all the pumps connected in parallel should be equal to the required total head. .